"Crack baby" was a term coined to describe children who were exposed to crack (freebase cocaine in smokable form) as fetuses; the concept of the crack baby emerged in the US during the 1980s and 1990s in the midst of a crack epidemic.[2] Other terms are "cocaine baby" and "crack kid". Early studies reported that people who had been exposed to crack in utero would be severely emotionally, mentally, and physically disabled; this belief became common in the scientific and lay communities.[2] Fears were widespread that a generation of crack babies was going to put severe strain on society and social services as they grew up. Later studies failed to substantiate the findings of earlier ones that PCE has severe disabling consequences; these earlier studies had been methodologically flawed (e.g. with small sample sizes and confounding factors). Scientists have come to understand that the findings of the early studies may have been overstated.[2] Commentators have characterized the phenomenon as a moral panic.[3][4]
No specific disorders or conditions have been found to result for people whose mothers used cocaine while pregnant.[5] Studies focusing on children of six years and younger have not shown any direct, long-term effects of PCE on language, growth, or development as measured by test scores.[6] PCE also appears to have little effect on infant growth.[7]However, PCE is associated with premature birth, birth defects, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other conditions. The effects of cocaine on a fetus are thought to be similar to those of tobacco, and are less severe than those of alcohol.[8] No scientific evidence has shown a difference in harm to a fetus between crack and powder cocaine.[9]
Child Of Light Pc Crack Game
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During 1980s and 1990s, a surge occurred in use of crack cocaine in US cities:[12] the crack epidemic. During this time, fears arose throughout the country that PCE would create a generation of youth with severe behavioral and cognitive problems.[13][14] Early studies in the mid-1980s reported that cocaine use in pregnancy caused children to have severe problems, including cognitive, developmental, and emotional disruption.[15] These early studies had methodological problems, including small sample size, confounding factors such as poor nutrition, and use of other drugs by the mothers.[15] The results of the studies, though, sparked widespread media discussion in the context of the new War on Drugs.[16][1] For example, a 1985 study that showed harmful effects of cocaine use during pregnancy created a huge media buzz.[15][17] The term "crack baby" resulted from the publicity surrounding crack and PCE.[18]
Media reports commonly emphasized that babies who had been exposed to crack in utero would never develop normally.[14][18] The children were reported to be inevitably destined to be physically and mentally disabled for their whole lives.[2]Babies exposed to crack in utero were written off as doomed to be severely disabled, and many were abandoned in hospitals.[19] They were expected to be unable to form normal social bonds.[14] Experts foresaw the development of a "biological underclass" of born criminals who would prey on the rest of the population.[17][19][20] Crime rates were predicted to rise when the generation of crack-exposed infants grew up (instead, they dropped).[19] The children were predicted to be difficult to console, irritable, and hyperactive, putting a strain on the school system.[7] Charles Krauthammer, a columnist for The Washington Post wrote in 1989, "[t]heirs will be a life of certain suffering, of probable deviance, of permanent inferiority."[17][19] The president of Boston University at the time, John Silber, said, "crack babies ... won't ever achieve the intellectual development to have consciousness of God."[19][20] These claims of biological inferiority played easily into existing class and racial biases. Reporting was often sensational, favoring the direst predictions and shutting out skeptics.[20]
Unlike fetal alcohol syndrome, no set of characteristics has been discovered that results uniquely from cocaine exposure in utero.[25] Cocaine exposure in utero may affect the structure and function of the brain, predisposing children to developmental problems later, or these effects may be explained by children of crack-using mothers being at higher risk for domestic violence, deadbeat parenting, and maternal depression.[6] When researchers are able to identify effects of PCE, they are typically small.[25]
The harm to a child from PCE has implications for public policy and law. Some US states have pressed charges against pregnant women who use drugs, including assault with a deadly weapon, corruption of a minor, manslaughter, child abuse, and distribution of drugs to a minor.[50] However these approaches have generally been rejected in the courts on the basis that a fetus is not legally a child.[40] Between 1985 and 2001, more than 200 women in over 30 US states faced prosecution for drug use during pregnancy.[42] In South Carolina, a woman who used crack in her third trimester of pregnancy was sentenced to prison for eight years when her child was born with cocaine metabolites in its system.[40] The Supreme Court of South Carolina upheld this conviction.[40] As of 2013, all but one of the women prosecuted in the US for drug use while pregnant have won their cases on appeal.[50]
From 1989 to 1994, in the midst of public outcry about cocaine babies, the Medical University of South Carolina tested pregnant women for cocaine, reporting those who tested positive to the police.[51] The US Supreme Court found the policy to be unacceptable on constitutional grounds in 2001.[51]Some advocates argue that punishment for crack-using pregnant women as a means to treat their addiction is a violation of their right to privacy.[40] According to studies, fear of prosecution and having children taken away is associated with a refusal to seek prenatal care or medical treatment.[15]
Children who were exposed to crack prenatally faced social stigma as babies and school-aged children; some experts say that the "crack baby" stigma was more harmful than the PCE.[17] Teachers were affected by these cultural stereotypes; such biases may have negatively affected the educational experiences of children thus stigmatized.[53] Teachers who knew that specific children had been exposed to crack in utero may have expected these children to be disruptive and developmentally delayed.[42] Children who were exposed to cocaine might be teased by others who knew of the exposure, and problems these children had might be misdiagnosed by doctors or others as resulting from PCE when they may really have been due to factors like illness or abuse.[13]
PCE is very difficult to study because of a variety of factors that may confound the results: pre- and postnatal care may be poor; the pregnant mother and child may be malnourished; the amount of cocaine a mother takes can vary; she may take a variety of drugs during pregnancy in addition to cocaine; measurements for detecting deficits may not be sensitive enough; and results that are found may only last a short time.[49] Studies differ in how they define heavy or light cocaine use during pregnancy, and the time period of exposure during pregnancy on which they focus (e.g. first, second, or third trimester.[22] Drug use by mothers puts children at high risk for exposure to toxic or otherwise dangerous environments, and PCE does not present much risk beyond these risk factors.[6] PCE is clustered with other risk factors to the child, such as physical abuse and neglect, domestic violence, and prenatal exposure to other substances.[46] Such environmental factors are known to adversely affect children in the same areas being studied with respect to PCE.[34] Most women who use cocaine while pregnant use other drugs too; one study found that 93% of those who use cocaine or opiates also use tobacco, marijuana, or alcohol.[10] When researchers control for use of other drugs, many of the seeming effects of cocaine on head size, birth weight, Apgar scores, and prematurity disappear.[10]
Addiction to any substance, including crack, may be a risk factor for child abuse or neglect.[42] Crack addiction, like other addictions, distracts parents from the child and leads to inattentive parenting.[18] Mothers who continue to use drugs once their babies are born have trouble forming the normal parental bonds, more often interacting with their babies with a detached, unenthusiastic, flat demeanor.[55] Conversely, low-stress environments and responsive caregiving may provide a protective effect on the child's brain, potentially compensating for negative effects of PCE.[22] Many drug users do not get prenatal care, for a variety of reasons including that they may not know they are pregnant.[40] Many crack addicts get no medical care at all and have extremely poor diets, and children who live around crack smoking are at risk of inhaling secondary smoke.[18] Cocaine using mothers also have a higher rate of sexually transmitted infections such as HIV and hepatitis.[21]
The Police are the easiest threat you will have to understand to survive the game, though they can be quite hard to remember if you aren't paying attention. The police attempt to find the player by tracing their Wi-Fi connection. However, this can be stopped simply by switching to different networks before you exceed the track rate of the Wi-Fi networks you are using. (You can check the Wi-Fi section below for more information) As you progress through the game you can also crack higher security networks which tend to give you more safe time before the police can find you. They track most free networks you are given quite fast, followed by WEP networks, then WPA, and finally WPA2 networks. Since you start the game with only a selection of free network it is recommended to purchase SkyBREAK and begin cracking WEP networks as soon as possible. As you earn enough DosCoin you can also eventually purchase the WPA2 library for SkyBREAK and begin to crack WPA2 networks. 2ff7e9595c
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